Basics of Electronics

Hi all, does anyone think how these days electronic gadgets work and all you know is electronics consists of three basic things called resistors, capacitors, and inductors these are also called passive components.

Passive components? Yes, these are the components which do not supply electricity or don't act as a source and utilize current or waste current.

So you told about passive components is there any active components?

Yes, of course, there are many and they are the sources for the gadgets.

and anyone knows about the potential difference if you know, tell them in the comments.

Resistor:

It is a bilateral, passive and two terminal component i.e. that component can be connected in any direction as it is not having polarities and each component have variations in it from the original values is called tolerance. Unit is 'ohm'

So firstly just go with the solid carbon film resistor, as most of them can be found in electronic gadgets and mostly used and resistors are very small and values of those resistors are not written on them, so to identify the value of a resistor there a method please follow it I'm going to tell about 4 colour band resistors.

So now assume that 1=a, 2=b, 3=c and 4=d

Steps to know the importance of them in the resistor

1. First two (1 or a & 2 or b) colours represent digits in the resistor value.
2. Third (3 or c) colour represents multiplier.
3. Fourth (4 or d) colour represents tolerance.

a b × 10＾c ± d%

This is the formulae to find the value of 4 colour band resistor.

The following table gives colour code for resistors

Colour	Digit	Multiplier	Tolerance
Black	0	10^0
Brown	1	10^1	±1%
Red	2	10^2	±2%
Orange	3	10^3	±3%
Yellow	4	10^4	±4%
Green	5	10^5	±0.5%
Blue	6	10^6	±0.25%
Violet	7	10^7	±0.1%
Gray	8	10^8	±0.05%
White	9	10^9
Gold	-	10^-1 or 0.1	±5%
Silver	-	10^-2 or 0.01	±10%
No colour	-	-	±20%
Pink	-	-	High stability

The following tree diagram tells you about the different types of resistors

mostly resistors are used as current limiters.
To find the resistance (R) of anything you need one formula i.e.

R=⍴l/a

where

l = Length

a = Area

⍴ = resistivity 

and the temperature is also the main factor that affects the value of a resistor. 

Capacitor:

It is also another basic passive component used in electronic circuits. Generally, it consists of two (2) conducting surfaces separated by an insulating medium called a dielectric.

These are designed to store electric charge and release it whenever it needed. It opposes the instantaneous changes of voltage in the circuit. By the above point capacitor only allows DC and blocks AC. Unit is 'Farad'.
When the capacitor is charged fully and taken out it is in the charged state and if you touch the terminals of the capacitor then the charge is discharged through the body to the ground.

Note: Capacitor charges fully i.e. up to it's VCC, if it is 5V then the capacitor charges up to 5V.

C=Q/V 

C = Capacitance

Q = Charge

V = Voltage

If Q is in coulombs and V in volts, then the capacitance C will be in Farads.

Then,

1 Farad = 1 coulomb/1 volt 

Different types of capacitor symbols are below:

Capacitors are classified on the basis of

1. Type of Dielectric used - Electrolytic, Ceramic capacitors etc.
2. The physical construction - Fixed and Variable capacitors
3. Polarization - Polarised and Non-polarised
4. Voltage rating - low and high voltages

Specifications of Capacitor:

• Capacitance value
• Tolerance
• Voltage
• Temperature coefficient
• Dielectric absorption
• Leakage resistance/current
• Stability
• Power factor i.e. 

P.F=1/Q

And to find the capacitance 

C=

= absolute permittivity of air

         = 8.854 × 10＾-12 F/m

and

= relative permittivity of the medium

where,

d= distance between two (2) plates 

ϵ= permittivity of the medium

A= area of plates

and I don't know how to measure the colour-coded of a capacitor and I don't want to tell you the wrong information. In most of the cases, we use electrolytic capacitors so the value of the capacitor in on itself.

see the value it is 1000µF and its max voltage value and in most of the electronic gadgets capacitor values are in µ's and m's and if we use 1 Farad it is the high value of the capacitor and no one will use it as the charging time will be more I think soo.

Inductor:

This inductor is another basic passive component used in electronic circuits. These are the coils which are wounded cylindrically over an insulating former that may or may not contain a core inside it. They just produce magnetic energy whenever current passes through it. Unit is 'Henry'.

These inductors are used as chokes and other important application used in the transformer.  

Inductance or self-inductance is the property exhibited by an inductor that opposes any change in current through it and induces a voltage in itself called back e.m.f, and inductance is represented with 'L'. Inductors are in the range of Milli henries.

Different types of inductors symbols are below:

Inductors are classified on the basis of 

1. The core material used
2. The frequency of operation
3. The method of winding
4. The operation

 Specifications of inductors:

• Power rating
• Temperature co-efficient of inductance
• Core material
• Inductance value
• Insulation resistance
• Type of winding
• Moisture resistance
• High-temperature load life

Various core materials used in the inductor:

1. Air i.e. no physical medium
2. Ceramic
3. Printed circuit or thin film 
4. Iron in it there are of 2 types

          they are,

• Laminated Iron 
• Powered Iron
• Ferrite

And these are the basic things to know about the basics of electronics

and in the next post, I'll tell more about inductance and capacitance.

To buy resistors, inductors and capacitors and if you want to do small projects you can buy form the following links

• Some basic components to build small projects
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Capacitor

...thanks for reading...